Back in 1997 — more than a decade ago — I wrote what may be my most-influential internet law article, The Internet as a Source of Regulatory Arbitrage. Here's the abstract:
The Internet is a transnational communication medium. Once connected, there is little that a single country can do to prevent citizens from communicating with the rest of the world without drastically reducing the economic and intellectual value of the medium. As a result, connection to the Internet enables regulatory arbitrage by which persons can, in certain circumstances, arrange their affairs so that they evade domestic regulations by structuring their communications or transactions to take advantage of foreign regulatory regimes. Regulatory arbitrage reduces the policy flexibility of nations by making certain types of domestic rules difficult to enforce. Citizens with access to the Internet can send and receive anonymous messages regardless of national law; both censorship and information export restrictions become nearly impossible to enforce, although governments have it in their power to impose some impediments to ease of use. The effectiveness of European-style data protection laws is reduced when personal information can be stored in offshore data havens. Ultimately, restrictions on certain types of transaction, e.g., restrictions imposed by securities laws, also may be undermined if these transactions can easily be carried out offshore. However, claims that income tax systems will be seriously undermined are, I argue, vastly overstated, at least in the medium term. On balance, therefore, I predict that the Internet's regulatory arbitrage effects will tend to promote liberal democratic values of openness and freedom more than they will detract from what most consider to be the modern states' legitimate regulatory powers.
In recent years I've started to fret that some of the assumptions on which it was based are not holding up — governments are getting better at blocking and filtering, whether it's the Great Firewall of China, or Saudi Arabia's attempts to crowdsource censorship.
Still, there's clearly some life left in the concept, as seen from this NYT article on how images from Iran are getting out to the internet
Throughout the week, supporters of the protesters around the world had been making their own computers available to Iranians who wanted to evade government censors.
These people have been publishing the IP addresses of their computers to public forums like Twitter — offering them as so-called proxy servers.
We hoped the Internet would be bad for despots; we feared it would be the Panopticon. The race is still on.
Dear Michael, I had just read your 1997 Article about regulatory arbitrage and then came across this post. I am trying to learn more about the concept of regulatory arbitrage and so far i tend to agree that in today’s internet world there still seems to be scope for regulatory arbitrage even though, as you well point out, governments do manage to increasingly restrict or filter content availability.
In your latter post you seem to focus on your assumptions regarding arbitrage with respect to ‘free speech’. I am more interested to understand what your position is with respect to regulatory arbitrage within the e-commerce sector. Do you think there still is scope for regulatory arbitrage when providing goods/services online and if so in what areas do you think one should be more attentive ? Perhaps the obvious would be to speak of Tax, however i am not too sure about that. Do you think, from your experience, that there are other fields one should be aware of ?
I thank you in advance for any feedback you may find time to provide.
Kind Regards,
Paul